"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"
Born
:
April 13, 1906
Place of birth
:
Foxrock, Dublin, Ireland
Died
:
December 22, 1989
Place of death
:
Paris, France
Occupation
:
Novelist, Short story writer, Poet, Essayist
Nationality
:
Irish
Notable award(s)
:
Nobel Prize in Literature 1969
Biography:
Samuel Beckett was born in Foxrock, a suburb of Dublin, April 13, 1906. It has also been suggested that the date could be the May 13. Beckett's father, William Beckett, was a rigger, and his mother, May Roe, a nurse from deep religious convictions, "almost Quaker, in the words of the writer . While his older brother, Frank, was a robust and placid child, Samuel was thin, sickly and crying constantly. It is said that the family Beckett (originally Becquet) was of Huguenot ancestry, and that is moved from Ireland to France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). This theory, however, is considered unlikely. In any case, Beckett were a wealthy family that belonged to the Church of Ireland (Anglican). The family home, "Cooldrinagh" in the avenue Kerrymount, of Foxrock, was a large mansion with gardens and tennis court. It was built in 1903 by the father of Samuel. The house and the green surroundings, in which Samuel used to walk with his father, including a racecourse, and railway stations of Foxrock and Harcourt Street, is situated at the end of the city, appear frequently in his books.
In the five years since Beckett was attending a pre-school class, where he began to learn music. Later he went to the Earlsford House School in the city center. In 1919, she joined the Royal Portora School, where he studied his older brother, Frank. This school was located in the town of Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, and is the one to which, half a century earlier, had attended Oscar Wilde. Beckett was a great athlete, excellent rugby player, tennis and cricket.
During his time student at Trinity College Dublin, he represented several times to the university in that sport. Thus, it is the only Nobel laureate who appears in the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, considered the "bible" of cricket. Beckett was also a big fan of chess, what transpires in several of his works.
Works:
Works in English:
Whoroscope : Poem on Time – Paris : Hours, 1930
Proust – London : Chatto & Windus, 1931 ; New York : Grove, 1957
More Pricks Than Kicks – London : Chatto & Windus, 1934 ; New York : Grove, 1970
Echo's Bones and Other Precipitates – Paris : Europa, 1935
Murphy – London : Routledge, 1938 ; New York : Grove, 1957
Watt – Paris : Olympia, 1953 ; New York : Grove, 1959 ; London : Calder, 1963
All That Fall – New York : Grove, 1957 ; London : Faber & Faber, 1957
From an Abandoned Work – London : Faber, 1958
Krapp's Last Tape and Other Dramatic Pieces – New York : Grove, 1960. – Comprises Krapp's Last Tape, All That Fall, Embers, Act Without Words I, and Act Without Words II
Happy Days – New York : Grove, 1961; London : Faber, 1962
Poems in English – London : Calder, 1961 ; New York : Grove, 1963
Play and Two Short Pieces for Radio – London : Faber, 1964
Eh Joe and Other Writings – London : Faber, 1967 – Comprises Eh Joe, Act Without Words II, and Film
Breath and Other Shorts – London : Faber, 1972 – Comprises Breath, Come and Go, Act Without Words I, Act Without Words II, and From an Abandoned Work
Not I – London : Faber, 1973
That Time – London : Faber, 1976
Fizzles – New York : Grove, 1976
All Strange Away – New York : Gotham Book Mart, 1976 ; London : Calder, 1979
Footfalls – London : Faber, 1976
Ends and Odds : Eight New Dramatic Pieces – New York : Grove, 1976 – Comprises Not I, That Time, Footfalls, Ghost Trio, Theatre I, Theatre II, Radio I, and Radio II
Ends and Odds : Plays and Sketches – London : Faber, 1977 – Comprises Not I, That Time, Footfalls, Ghost Trio, Theatre I, Theatre II, Radio I,Radio II, and ... but the clouds ...
Four Novellas – London : Calder, 1977 – comprises First Love, The Expelled, The Calmative, and The End
Expelled, and Other Novellas – New York : Penguin, 1980 – comprises First Love, The Expelled, The Calmative, and The End
Company – New York : Grove, 1980
Nohow On : Three Novels – New York : Grove, 1980 – comprises Company, Ill Seen, Ill Said, and Worstward Ho
Rockaby and Other Short Pieces – New York : Grove, 1981 – Comprises Rockaby, Ohio Impromptu, All Strange Away, and A Piece of Monologue
Three Plays – New York : Grove, 1984 – Comprises Ohio Impromptu, Catastrophe, and What Where
As the Story Was Told – Cambridge : Rampant Lions, 1987
Stirrings Still – New York : Blue Moon, 1988 ; London : Calder, 1988
Dream of Fair to Middling Women / edited by Eoin O'Brien and Edith Fournier – Dublin : Black Cat Press, 1992
Works in French:
Molloy – Paris : Minuit, 1951
Malone meurt – Paris : Minuit, 1951
En attendant Godot – Paris : Minuit, 1952
L'innommable – Paris : Minuit, 1953
Nouvelles et Textes pour rien – Paris : Minuit, 1955
Fin de partie, suivi de Acte sans paroles – Paris : Minuit, 1957
Têtes-Mortes – Paris : Minuit, 1967 – Éd. Augm. 1972
Acte sans paroles II // Dramatische Dichtungen – Vol. 1 – Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1963
Comment c'est – Paris : Minuit, 1961
Imagination morte imaginez – Paris : Minuit, 1965
Assez – Paris : Minuit, 1966
Bing – Paris : Minuit, 1966
Poèmes – Paris : Minuit, 1968
Sans – Paris : Minuit, 1969
Le Dépeupleur – Paris : Minuit, 1970
Mercier et Camier – Paris : Minuit, 1970
Premier amour – Paris : Minuit, 1970
Pour finir encore et autres foirades – Paris : Minuit, 1976
Poèmes , suivi de Mirlitonnades – Paris : Minuit, 1978
Catastrophe et autres dramaticules – Paris : Minuit, 1982
Eleuthéria – Paris : Minuit, 1995
Translations into English:
Molloy / translated by the author and Patrick Bowles – Paris : Olympia, 1955 ; New York : Grove, 1955
Malone Dies / translated by the author – New York : Grove, 1956 ; London : Calder, 1958
Waiting for Godot / translated by the author – New York : Grove, 1954 ; London : Faber, 1956. – Rev. ed. / edited by Douglas McMillan and James Knowleson – London : Faber, 1993
The Unnamable – New York : Grove, 1958 ; London : Calder & Boyars, 1975
Stories and Texts for Nothing / translated by the author – New York : Grove, 1967
Endgame, followed by Act Without Words / translated by the author – New York : Grove, 1958 ; London : Faber, 1958
How It Is / translated by the author – New York : Grove, 1964 ; London : Calder, 1964
Imagination Dead Imagine / translated by the author – London : Calder & Boyars, 1965
No's Knife : Collected Shorter Prose, 1945-1966 / translated from the French by the author and Richard Seaver – London : Calder & Boyars, 1967
Lessness / translated by the author – London : Calder & Boyars, 1970
The Lost Ones / translated by the author – London : Calder & Boyars, 1972 ; New York : Grove, 1972
Mercier and Camier / translated by the author – London : Calder & Boyars, 1974 ; New York : Grove, 1975
First Love / translated by the author – London : Calder & Boyars, 1973
For to End Yet Again and Other Fizzles / translated by the author – London : Calder, 1976
Eleutheria : A Play in Three Acts / translated by Michael Brodsky – New York : Foxrock, 1995
Eleuthéria – translated by Barbara Wright – London : Faber, 1996
Translations into French:
Murphy / translated into French by the author – Paris : Bordas, 1947
Watt / translated into French by the author, Ludovic Janvier, and Agnès Janvier – Paris : Minuit, 1968
Tous ceux qui tombent / translated into French by the author and Robert Pinget – Paris : Minuit, 1957
La Dernière Bande, suivi de Cendres / translated into French by the author and Pierre Leiris – Paris : Minuit, 1960
Oh les beaux jours / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1963
Comédie et actes divers / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1966
Film / translated into French by the author – Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1968
Film, suivi de Souffle / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1972
Oh les beaux jours, suivi de Pas moi / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1975
Cette fois / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1978
Foirade = Fizzles. – Bilingual ed. / translated into French by the author – London & New York : Petersburg, 1976 ; Paris : Fequet & Baudier, 1976
Pas / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1977
Compagnie / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1979
Mal vu mal dit / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1981
Berceuse, suivi de Impromptu d'Ohio / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1982
Solo, suivi de Catastrophe / translated into French by the author – Paris : Minuit, 1982
Collections:
The Collected Works of Samuel Beckett – 16 vol – New York : Grove, 1970
Collected Poems in English and French – New York : Grove, 1977 ; London : Calder, 1977
Disjecta : Miscellaneous Writings and a Dramatic Fragment / edited by Ruby Cohn – London : Calder, 1983 ; New York : Grove, 1983
Collected Shorter Plays – New York : Grove, 1984 ; London : Faber, 1984
Collected Poems 1930-1978 – London : Calder, 1984
Collected Shorter Prose, 1945-1980 – London : Calder, 1984
The Complete Dramatic Works – London : Faber, 1986
Samuel Beckett : The Complete Short Prose, 1929-1989 / edited, with an introduction, by S. E. Gontarski – New York : Grove, 1995
Poems : 1930-1989 – London : Calder, 2002
Samuel Beckett : The Grove Centenary Edition of Samuel Beckett – 4 vol. / ed. by Paul Auster – New York : Grove Press, 2006
Literature (a selection):
Esslin, Martin, The Theatre of the Absurd – New York : Doubleday, 1961
Kenner, Hugh, Samuel Beckett : a Critical Study – London : Calder, 1962
Fletcher, John, The Novels of Samuel Beckett – London : Chatto & Windus, 1964
Tindall, William York, Samuel Beckett – New York, 1964
Federman, Raymond, Journey to Chaos : Samuel Beckett's Early Fiction – Berkeley : Univ. of California Press, 1965
Samuel Beckett : a Collection of Critical Essays – Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1965
Beckett at 60 : a Festschrift – London : Calder & Boyars, 1967
Janvier, Ludovic, Pour Samuel Beckett – Paris : Editions de Minuit, 1969
Samuel Beckett Now : Critical Approaches to His Novels, Poetry, and Plays – Chicago, Ill., 1970
Hagberg, Per Olof, The Dramatic Works of Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter : a Comparative Analysis of Main Themes and Dramatic Technique – Göteborg, 1972
Webb, Eugene, The Plays of Samuel Beckett – London : Owen, cop. 1972
Samuel Beckett : the Critical Heritage – London : Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979
Fletcher, John, Beckett : the Playwright – New York : Hill and Wang, 1985
O'Brien, Eoin, The Beckett Country : Samuel Beckett's Ireland – London : Faber, 1986
Begam, Richard, Samuel Beckett and the End of Modernity – Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1996
Cronin, Anthony, Samuel Beckett :the Last Modernist – London : HarperCollins, 1996
Knowlson, James, Damned to Fame : the Life of Samuel Beckett – London : Bloomsbury, 1996
Davies, Paul, Beckett and Eros : Death of Humanism – Basingstoke : Macmillan, 2000
Atik, Anne, How it Was :a Memoir of Samuel Beckett – London : Faber, 2001
Albright, Daniel, Beckett and aesthetics.– Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2003
Beckett Remembering, Remembering Beckett : Uncollected Interviews with Samuel Beckett and Memories of Those Who Knew Him – London : Bloomsbury, 2006
Pilling, John., A Samuel Beckett Chronology – Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2006
Awards:
1969: Nobel Prize in Literature.
Presentation Speech:
Presentation Speech by Karl Ragnar Gierow, of the Swedish Academy.
Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen,
Mix a powerful imagination with a logic in absurdum, and the result will be either a paradox or an Irishman. If it is an Irishman, you will get the paradox into the bargain. Even the Nobel Prize in Literature is sometimes divided. Paradoxically, this has happened in 1969, a single award being addressed to one man, two languages and a third nation, itself divided.
Samuel Beckett was born near Dublin in 1906. As a renowned author he entered the world almost half a century later in Paris when, in the space of three years, five works were published that immediately brought him into the centre of interest: the novel Molloy in 1951; its sequel, Malone Meurt, in the same year; the play, En Attendant Godot in 1952; and in the following year the two novels, L'lnnommable, which concluded the cycle about Molloy and Malone, and Watt.
These dates simply record a sudden appearance. The five works were not new at the time of publication, nor were they written in the order in which they appeared. They had their background in the current situation as well as in Beckett's previous development. The true nature of Murphy , a novel from 1938, and the studies of Joyce (1929) and Proust (1931), which illuminate his own initial position, is perhaps most clearly seen in the light of Beckett's subsequent production. For while he has pioneered new modes of expression in fiction and on the stage, Beckett is also allied to tradition, being closely linked not only to Joyce and Proust but to Kafka as well, and the dramatic works from his debut have a heritage from French works of the 1890s and Alfred Jarry's Ubu Roi.
In several respects, the novel Watt marks a change of phase in this remarkable output. Written in 1942-44 in the South of France - whence Beckett fled from the Nazis, having lived for a long time in Paris - it was to be his last work in English for many years; he made his name in French and did not return to his native tongue for about fifteen years. The world around had also changed when Beckett came to write again after Watt. All the other works which made his name were written in the period 1945-49. The Second World War is their foundation; it was after this that his authorship achieved maturity and a message. But these works are not about the war itself, about life at the front, or in the French resistance movement (in which Beckett took an active part), but about what happened afterwards, when peace came and the curtain was rent from the unholiest of unholies to reveal the terrifying spectacle of the lengths to which man can go in inhuman degradation - whether ordered or driven by himself - and how much of such degradation man can survive. In this sense the degradation of humanity is a recurrent theme in Beckett's writing and to this extent, his philosophy, simply accentuated by elements of the grotesque and of tragic farce, can be described as a negativism that cannot desist from descending to the depths. To the depths it must go because it is only there that pessimistic thought and poetry can work their miracles. What does one get when a negative is printed? A positive, a clarification, with black proving to be the light of day, the parts in deepest shade those which reflect the light source. Its name is fellow-feeling, charity. There are precedents besides the accumulation of abominations in Greek tragedy which led Aristotle to the doctrine of catharsis, purification through horror. Mankind has drawn more strength from Schopenhauer's bitter well than from Schelling's beatific springs, has been more blessed by Pascal's agonized doubt than by Leibniz's blind rational trust in the best of all possible worlds has reaped - in the field of Irish literature, which has also fed Beckett's writing - a much leaner harvest from the whitewashed clerical pastoral of Oliver Goldsmith than from Dean Swift's vehement denigration of all humankind.
Part of the essence of Beckett's outlook is to be found here - in the difference between an easily-acquired pessimism that rests content with untroubled scepticism, and a pessimism that is dearly bought and which penetrates to mankind's utter destitution. The former commences and concludes with the concept that nothing is really of any value, the latter is based on exactly the opposite outlook. For what is worthless cannot be degraded. The perception of human degradation - which we have witnessed, perhaps, to a greater extent than any previous generation - is not possible if human values are denied. But the experience becomes all the more painful as the recognition of human dignity deepens. This is the source of inner cleansing, the life force nevertheless, in Beckett's pessimism. It houses a love of mankind that grows in understanding as it plumbs further into the depths of abhorrence, a despair that has to reach the utmost bounds of suffering to discover that compassion has no bounds. From that position, in the realms of annihilation, rises the writing of Samuel Beckett like a miserere from all mankind, its muffled minor key sounding liberation to the oppressed, and comfort to those in need.
This seems to be stated most clearly in the two masterpieces, Waiting for Godot and Happy Days, each of which, in a way, is a development of a biblical text. In the case of Godot we have, 'Art thou he that should come, or do we look for another?' The two tramps are confronted with the meaninglessness of existence at its most brutal. It may be a human figure; no laws are as cruel as those of creation and man's peculiar status in creation comes from being the only creature to apply these laws with deliberately evil intent. But if we conceive of a providence - a source even of the immeasurable suffering inflicted by, and on, mankind - what sort of almighty is it that we - like the tramps - are to meet somewhere, some day? Beckett's answer consists of the title of the play. By the end of the performance, as at the end of our own, we know nothing about this Godot. At the final curtain we have no intimation of the force whose progress we have witnessed. But we do know one thing, of which all the horror of this experience cannot deprive us: namely, our waiting. This is man's metaphysical predicament of perpetual, uncertain expectation, captured with true poetic simplicity: En attendant Godot, Waiting for Godot.
The text for Happy Days - "a voice crying in the wilderness" - is more concerned with the predicament of man on earth, of our relationships with one another. In his exposition Beckett has much to say about our capacity for entertaining untroubled illusions in a wilderness void of hope. But this is not the theme. The action simply concerns how isolation, how the sand rises higher and higher until the individual is completely buried in loneliness. Out of the suffocating silence, however, there still rises the head, the voice crying in the wilderness, man's indomitable need to seek out his fellow men right to the end, speak to his peers and find in companionship his solace.
